“Vogliamo un accordo per il periodo post-2012 che sia esaustivo, ambizioso, equo, effettivo e vincolante, che comprenda tutti i Paesi e includa le rispettive responsabilità di tutte le maggiori economie nel ridurre le emissioni di gas serra.” Questa affermazione sul clima è stata scritta nella dichiarazione finale del G8 appena concluso in Canada.
Quello dei cambiamenti climatici è stato infatti uno degli argomenti sul tavolo del G8 e del G20 di Muskoka e Toronto; riportiamo di seguito gli stralci delle dichiarazioni conclusive del G8 e del G20 in cui si parla di clima.
Nella dichiarazione del gruppo del G8 si riafferma la necessità che l’aumento della temperatura globale non ecceda i 2°C rispetto ai livelli pre-industriali, come già stabilito nel G8 dell’Aquila...
Per riuscirci si richiede un impegno collettivo per ridurre del 50% le emissioni globali entro il 2050 e un supporto all’obiettivo dei Paesi Industrializzati di tagliare le proprie emissioni almeno dell’80% entro il 2050, rispetto ai livelli del 1990 o anni più recenti. I paesi membri del G8 riconoscono il valore dell’Accordo di Copenhagen e chiedono che si arrivi ad un accordo esauriente, ambizioso, giusto, effettivo e vincolante per la fase post-2012 e che coinvolga tutti i paesi. Si parla anche di strategie di adattamento alle conseguenze dell’aumento della temperatura, di cui si discuterà più approfonditamente in una conferenza in Russia nel 2011; e di strategie low-carbon. Per risolvere le sfide collegate a sicurezza energetica e clima, i Paesi del G8 si impegnano a costruire economie low-carbon e con capacità resilienti rispetto al clima, caratterizzate da una crescita dei comparti verdi e misure di miglioramento sull’efficienza, in particolare per la creazione di nuovi posti di lavoro.
Il gruppo del G20 ribadisce nella sua dichiarazione l’importanza delle negoziazioni internazionali ed auspica la buona riuscita della Conferenza di Cancun attraverso un processo inclusivo che si basi sul principio della “responsabilità comune, ma differenziata” e sulle rispettive capacità. La discussione si è concentrata sugli aspetti finanziari legati ai cambiamenti climatici: rispettando l’impegno preso al Summit di Pittsburgh, si è deciso di aumentare di 350 miliardi di dollari il capitale delle Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) da destinare, inter alia, alla lotta ai cambiamenti climatici. Viene poi espressa attesa per gli esiti del lavoro dell’High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. Si tratta del gruppo creato a febbraio dal Segretario Generale dell’ONU Ban Ki-moon e guidato dal Primo Ministro inglese Gordon Brown e il Primo Ministro etiope Meles Zenawi, incaricato di trovare nuove risorse di finanziamento per i cambiamenti climatici, come promesso nell’Accordo di Copenhagen. Vi è infine un importante indicazione che riguarda il settore energetico: i paesi del G20 auspicano la razionalizzazione e progressiva scomparsa degli sussidi ai carbon fossili.
G8 Muskoka Declaration Recovery and New Beginnings
We must also ensure that […major challenges…], including climate change, remain at the forefront of public policy.
Environmental Sustainability and Green Recovery
21. Among environmental issues, climate change remains top of mind. As we agreed in L’Aquila, we recognize the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. Achieving this goal requires deep cuts in global emissions. Because this global challenge can only be met by a global response, we reiterate our willingness to share with all countries the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, recognizing that this implies that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible and decline thereafter. We will cooperate to that end. As part of this effort, we also support a goal of developed countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050, compared to 1990 or more recent years. Consistent with this ambitious long-term objective, we will undertake robust aggregate and individual mid-term reductions, taking into account that baselines may vary and that efforts need to be comparable. Similarly, major emerging economies need to undertake quantifiable actions to reduce emissions significantly below business-as-usual by a specified year.
22. We strongly support the negotiations underway within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We reiterate our support for the Copenhagen Accord and the important contribution it makes to the UNFCCC negotiations. We urge those countries that have not already done so to associate themselves with the Accord and list their mitigation commitments and actions. Recognizing the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 degrees Celsius, we also call for the full and effective implementation of all the provisions of the Accord, including those related to measurement, reporting and verification thereby promoting transparency and trust. In this context, we are putting in place our respective fast-start finance contributions to help address the most urgent and immediate needs of the most vulnerable developing countries and to help developing countries lay the ground work for long-term, low-emission development. We express our commitment to cooperate actively and constructively with Mexico as the President of the sixteenth meeting of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties on November 29 – December 10, 2010. We support related initiatives, including the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Group on identifying long-term public and private financing, and the Paris-Oslo Process on REDD+. We want a comprehensive, ambitious, fair, effective, binding, post-2012 agreement involving all countries, and including the respective responsibilities of all major economies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.23. While remaining committed to fighting climate change, we discussed the importance of ensuring that economies are climate resilient. We agreed that more research was needed to identify impacts at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels, and the options for adaptation, including through infrastructural and technological innovation. We particularly recognize the situation of the poorest and most vulnerable countries. We will share our national experiences and plans for adaptation, including through a conference on climate change adaptation in Russia in 2011.
24. To address climate change and increase energy security, we are committed to building low carbon and climate resilient economies, characterized by green growth and improved resource efficiency. We recognize the opportunities provided by a transition to low carbon and renewable energies, in particular for job creation. We encourage the IEA to develop work on an International Platform for low-carbon technologies, in order to accelerate their development and deployment. The elimination or reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in environmental goods and services is essential to promote the dissemination of cleaner low-carbon energy technologies and associated services worldwide. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can play an important role in transitioning to a low-carbon emitting economy. We welcome the progress already made on our Toyako commitments to launch the 20 large-scale CCS demonstration projects globally by 2010 and to achieve the broad deployment of CCS by 2020, in cooperation with developing countries. Several of us commit to accelerate the CCS demonstration projects and set a goal to achieve their full implementation by 2015. We also recognize the role nuclear energy can play in addressing climate change and energy security concerns, acknowledging the international commitment to safety, security and safeguards for non-proliferation as prerequisites for its peaceful use. We also recognise the potential of bioenergy for sustainable development, climate change mitigation and energy security. We welcome the work of the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) and commit to facilitating swift adoption of voluntary sustainability criteria and indicators, as well as on capacity building activities.
23. The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have been a central part of the global response to the financial and economic crisis, mobilizing critical financing, including $750 billion by the IMF and $235 billion by the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs).
25.(…) We have fulfilled our Pittsburgh Summit commitment on the MDBs. This includes $350 billion in capital increases for the MDBs, allowing them to nearly double their lending. This new capital is joined to ongoing and important reforms to make these institutions more transparent, accountable and effective, and to strengthen their focus on lifting the lives of the poor, underwriting growth, and addressing climate change and food security.
41. We reiterate our commitment to a green recovery and to sustainable global growth. Those of us who have associated with the Copenhagen Accord reaffirm our support for it and its implementation and call on others to associate with it. We are committed to engage in negotiations under the UNFCCC on the basis of its objective provisions and principles including common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and are determined to ensure a successful outcome through an inclusive process at the Cancun Conferences. We thank Mexico for undertaking to host the sixteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 16) in Cancun from November 29 to December 20, 2010 and express our appreciation for its efforts to facilitate negotiations. We look forward to the outcome of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing which is, inter alia, exploring innovative financing.
42. We note with appreciation the report on energy subsidies from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), OECD and World Bank. We welcome the work of Finance and Energy Ministers in delivering implementation strategies and timeframes, based on national circumstances, for the rationalization and phase out over the medium term of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, taking into account vulnerable groups and their development needs. We also encourage continued and full implementation of country specific strategies and will continue to review progress towards this commitment at upcoming summits.
Quello dei cambiamenti climatici è stato infatti uno degli argomenti sul tavolo del G8 e del G20 di Muskoka e Toronto; riportiamo di seguito gli stralci delle dichiarazioni conclusive del G8 e del G20 in cui si parla di clima.
Nella dichiarazione del gruppo del G8 si riafferma la necessità che l’aumento della temperatura globale non ecceda i 2°C rispetto ai livelli pre-industriali, come già stabilito nel G8 dell’Aquila...
Per riuscirci si richiede un impegno collettivo per ridurre del 50% le emissioni globali entro il 2050 e un supporto all’obiettivo dei Paesi Industrializzati di tagliare le proprie emissioni almeno dell’80% entro il 2050, rispetto ai livelli del 1990 o anni più recenti. I paesi membri del G8 riconoscono il valore dell’Accordo di Copenhagen e chiedono che si arrivi ad un accordo esauriente, ambizioso, giusto, effettivo e vincolante per la fase post-2012 e che coinvolga tutti i paesi. Si parla anche di strategie di adattamento alle conseguenze dell’aumento della temperatura, di cui si discuterà più approfonditamente in una conferenza in Russia nel 2011; e di strategie low-carbon. Per risolvere le sfide collegate a sicurezza energetica e clima, i Paesi del G8 si impegnano a costruire economie low-carbon e con capacità resilienti rispetto al clima, caratterizzate da una crescita dei comparti verdi e misure di miglioramento sull’efficienza, in particolare per la creazione di nuovi posti di lavoro.
Il gruppo del G20 ribadisce nella sua dichiarazione l’importanza delle negoziazioni internazionali ed auspica la buona riuscita della Conferenza di Cancun attraverso un processo inclusivo che si basi sul principio della “responsabilità comune, ma differenziata” e sulle rispettive capacità. La discussione si è concentrata sugli aspetti finanziari legati ai cambiamenti climatici: rispettando l’impegno preso al Summit di Pittsburgh, si è deciso di aumentare di 350 miliardi di dollari il capitale delle Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) da destinare, inter alia, alla lotta ai cambiamenti climatici. Viene poi espressa attesa per gli esiti del lavoro dell’High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. Si tratta del gruppo creato a febbraio dal Segretario Generale dell’ONU Ban Ki-moon e guidato dal Primo Ministro inglese Gordon Brown e il Primo Ministro etiope Meles Zenawi, incaricato di trovare nuove risorse di finanziamento per i cambiamenti climatici, come promesso nell’Accordo di Copenhagen. Vi è infine un importante indicazione che riguarda il settore energetico: i paesi del G20 auspicano la razionalizzazione e progressiva scomparsa degli sussidi ai carbon fossili.
G8 Muskoka Declaration Recovery and New Beginnings
We must also ensure that […major challenges…], including climate change, remain at the forefront of public policy.
Environmental Sustainability and Green Recovery
21. Among environmental issues, climate change remains top of mind. As we agreed in L’Aquila, we recognize the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. Achieving this goal requires deep cuts in global emissions. Because this global challenge can only be met by a global response, we reiterate our willingness to share with all countries the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, recognizing that this implies that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible and decline thereafter. We will cooperate to that end. As part of this effort, we also support a goal of developed countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050, compared to 1990 or more recent years. Consistent with this ambitious long-term objective, we will undertake robust aggregate and individual mid-term reductions, taking into account that baselines may vary and that efforts need to be comparable. Similarly, major emerging economies need to undertake quantifiable actions to reduce emissions significantly below business-as-usual by a specified year.
22. We strongly support the negotiations underway within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We reiterate our support for the Copenhagen Accord and the important contribution it makes to the UNFCCC negotiations. We urge those countries that have not already done so to associate themselves with the Accord and list their mitigation commitments and actions. Recognizing the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 degrees Celsius, we also call for the full and effective implementation of all the provisions of the Accord, including those related to measurement, reporting and verification thereby promoting transparency and trust. In this context, we are putting in place our respective fast-start finance contributions to help address the most urgent and immediate needs of the most vulnerable developing countries and to help developing countries lay the ground work for long-term, low-emission development. We express our commitment to cooperate actively and constructively with Mexico as the President of the sixteenth meeting of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties on November 29 – December 10, 2010. We support related initiatives, including the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Group on identifying long-term public and private financing, and the Paris-Oslo Process on REDD+. We want a comprehensive, ambitious, fair, effective, binding, post-2012 agreement involving all countries, and including the respective responsibilities of all major economies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
23. The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have been a central part of the global response to the financial and economic crisis, mobilizing critical financing, including $750 billion by the IMF and $235 billion by the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs).
25.(…) We have fulfilled our Pittsburgh Summit commitment on the MDBs. This includes $350 billion in capital increases for the MDBs, allowing them to nearly double their lending. This new capital is joined to ongoing and important reforms to make these institutions more transparent, accountable and effective, and to strengthen their focus on lifting the lives of the poor, underwriting growth, and addressing climate change and food security.
41. We reiterate our commitment to a green recovery and to sustainable global growth. Those of us who have associated with the Copenhagen Accord reaffirm our support for it and its implementation and call on others to associate with it. We are committed to engage in negotiations under the UNFCCC on the basis of its objective provisions and principles including common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and are determined to ensure a successful outcome through an inclusive process at the Cancun Conferences. We thank Mexico for undertaking to host the sixteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 16) in Cancun from November 29 to December 20, 2010 and express our appreciation for its efforts to facilitate negotiations. We look forward to the outcome of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing which is, inter alia, exploring innovative financing.
42. We note with appreciation the report on energy subsidies from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), OECD and World Bank. We welcome the work of Finance and Energy Ministers in delivering implementation strategies and timeframes, based on national circumstances, for the rationalization and phase out over the medium term of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, taking into account vulnerable groups and their development needs. We also encourage continued and full implementation of country specific strategies and will continue to review progress towards this commitment at upcoming summits.
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